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- Essay Name : 870.txt
- Uploader : chris parkinson
- Email Address :
- Language : english
- Subject : Social Studies
- Title : d-world
- Grade : 92%
- School System : university
- Country : u.s.
- Author Comments : great paper
- Teacher Comments : indepth
- Date : 11/11/96
- Site found at : surfing
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- Praise and Blame in World D
-
- In World D, a world in which people recognize that they do not have
- free will, it is still possible to maintain a system of praise and
- blame. The implicit assumption is that praise and blame effect actions
- such that a person praised for an action is more likely to repeat the
- action while a person blamed for an action is less likely to commit the
- same action again. Such a system, although possible, would look
- different from the system which exists in the actual world because the
- actual system is partially based on the notion that people do have a
- sense of free will. Furthermore, although it is logically possible to
- have such a system, establishing one in reality would require knowledge
- of the inner workings of human psychology which is difficult to compile.
- Before we can discuss the notion of praise and blame that would be
- possible in World D, it is necessary to describe what such a world would
- look like and how people in such a world would feel. First, it is useful
- to examine the feelings of incompatiblist determinists in the actual
- world because it is possible that the feelings held by such people would
- be similar to those held by the people in World D. Simply put,
- determinism is the belief that everything has a cause, including
- everything that people ever do, think, or say. People who believe in
- incompatiblist determinism assert that this definition of determinism
- means that there is no free will. In World D, it is a given that there
- is no free will, therefore incompatiblist determinism would be a
- reasonable possibility.
- Belief in incompatabilist determinism does not require that one know
- all of the determining factors. Therefore, it is possible to have all
- thoughts and actions completely determined and still not be able to
- predict actions or thoughts. The theory merely requires that determining
- factors exist, not that they be known to the individuals whom they are
- determining. For example, suppose Bob from World D does not like
- mustard. Because he inhabits World D, Bob knows that he is determined
- not to like mustard. He may not have any conscious reasons for his
- dislike of mustard, but he is confident that there are determining
- factors which make him find mustard unpleasant.
- Due to lack of knowledge of determining factors, one way in which
- people without free will could live is under a system of praise and
- blame similar to our own. One reason for our system of praise is to
- encourage a person to repeat an action or thought. Therefore, in World
- D, if people have reason to believe that praise affects the subconscious
- mind to change the determining factors then there would be reason for
- there to be a system of praise. The argument for blame is parallel. If
- there is reason to believe that blame for an action will effect the
- determining factors to discourage a person from repeating an action,
- then there is justification for a system of blame.
- This argument ignores a crucial piece of our actual system of praise
- and blame, however. Implicit in our system is the belief that a person
- is morally responsible because he or she could have done otherwise. In
- World D, everyone recognizes that a person could have done nothing other
- than exactly what he or she did. Therefore, some Kantians might object
- that there is not justification for a system of praise and blame. If a
- person is not free to choose to do otherwise, how can they be blamed or
- praised for this choice?
- This objection clarifies the difference between our actual system of
- praise and blame and that which would exist in World D. The World D
- system would be purely consequentialist. If praising someone for certain
- actions will have good consequences, then it is done. Similarly, if
- blaming someone for certain actions will have good consequences, then it
- is also done.
- In our current system, there is a judgement placed on the choice to
- commit the action. If this choice is considered freely made, then
- judgement is passed on the individual who made such a praiseworthy or
- blameworthy choice. If everyone recognized a lack of free will, as they
- do in World D, such judgement would clearly be unfounded. The World D
- system would not reflect a judgement on the person committing the
- action, or the choice to commit the action (because the choice was
- determined, not chosen); rather the system merely judges the merit of
- the action itself. Therefore, this consequentialist system is not
- weakened by the objection that praise and blame cannot exist because the
- person who committed a certain action did not have free will and
- therefore could not have done otherwise.
- This raises a further question, however. The reason that praise and
- blame are believed to be effective is because they effect the human
- desire to be liked and to be a good person. Yet if everyone accepts that
- the praise and blame merely reflect on the action and not on the person
- performing the action, then the praise and blame would not have the
- desired effect on the subconscious desires and thereby alter the
- determining factors. Basically, praise and blame are effective as
- incentives and deterrents because people feel they could have done
- otherwise and should the situation arise again, will be able to do
- otherwise. If, however, the possibility of changing the action is known
- to be out of one's control, then to be praised or blamed for such
- actions would not alter the motivations.
- In order to clearly determine the effects that a consequentialist
- system of praise and blame would have on the inhabitants of World D, it
- would be necessary to have an understanding of the determining factors
- surrounding actions and thoughts. Such information is unavailable to us
- in the actual world, and could be unavailable to the inhabitants of
- World D. Yet without such information, the system of praise and blame
- could not be effective.
- Perhaps they consequentialist system of praise and blame could still
- work in World D if the people believe that it will have an effect on
- their actions. Even if they recognize that they are not able to change
- their actions, they would also know that if the determining factors are
- different, the outcome may be different. Therefore, the system of praise
- and blame could be based merely on the belief that praising or blaming
- someone will change the determining factors and not on the belief that
- the person could have done otherwise.
- Furthermore, the system of praise and blame could be maintained on the
- basis that although actions are caused by prior events, if a person does
- something morally wrong, they are still morally responsible as long as
- they know the difference between right and wrong. This system of praise
- and blame is the same as that advocated by Carolyn in William's
- Dialogue. She says, "We do not absolve people of moral responsibility
- when we realize that all of their actions are caused" (55). Clearly, it
- is conceivable to hold people morally responsible for actions even in
- World D.
- The causes of actions may be things like internal wishes or desires,
- which were themselves caused by previous factors. This fact does not
- meant that people don't know the difference between right and wrong. As
- long as people can discriminate between good and bad and right and
- wrong, it is logical to hold them morally responsible because no one
- prevents them from acting differently. Even in our actual concept of
- praise and blame, we do not consider internal determining factors to
- prevent praise or blame. One is morally responsible for an action if one
- causes it. For example, a woman is morally responsible for a crime
- because she herself caused it (even though it was determined that she
- would by her internal motivations).
- Therefore, the system of praise and blame for World D could be based
- upon both the consequentialist view that praise and blame would effect
- people's later actions and upon the belief that people are morally
- responsible for those actions which they themselves cause, even if they
- could not have acted otherwise under such circumstances. Such a system
- stands up to the claim that praise and blame lose all meaning in such a
- world. In fact, they retain much of the common meaning attributed to
- them in the actual world.
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